Social Contraction vs. Ethical Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Contraction versus Moral Egoism - Essay Example This hypothesis additionally holds that it is okay to be like this; it is balanced. Nonetheless, in reality, on the off chance that everyone aimlessly followed their hearts wants, at that point there would be turmoil. To this circumstance, this hypothesis calls for utilization of levelheadedness from an alternate point. This point endorses that individuals ought to help out each other and cut down on the simply self serving interests. This angle characterizes the implicit agreement nature of this hypothesis (Shafer-Landau 188). Individuals won't make every second count, however they will maintain a strategic distance from a more regrettable destiny of being in consistent change with society. What comprises change? Financial experts answer this inquiry through the theoretical prisoner’s predicament circumstance. In this circumstance, two people must attempt activities that are not useful to the next gathering. Since it is levelheaded to do the best for ones self, at that point the people both attempt these activities realizing without a doubt that the other party will endure. In an actual existence time, there are endless circumstances that reflect the contentions in this theoretical circumstance. Expanding personal responsibility things being what they are, is anything but a beneficial way to deal with life. Individuals while be severe reveling appalling activities just to remain ahead (Shafer-Landau 192). There will be no trust, expectation or harmony for those with the smallest inclination to be â€Å"nice† henceforth the consistent change. ... These people can extend from guardians at home to the administration. Structure this clarification; unmistakably collaboration needs more than one individual. Thusly, this hypothesis portrays ethical quality as a social marvel (Shafer-Landau 194). Similarly, this hypothesis legitimizes the presence of good laws; it legitimizes violating these laws. It gives that, in the occasion, that collaboration flops then there is no compelling reason to maintain the ethical laws. Then again, the hypothesis legitimizes discipline of the crooks. From this theory’s qualities, scrutinizes determine damning shortcomings. An ethical hypothesis has the obligation to advance making the best choice. In any case, this hypothesis engages the chance of having a reasonable wrong for example when an agreement is void. Additionally, the methodology of utilizing levelheadedness to legitimize activity is inadequate. As saw by Shafer-Landau (204) if the results of an uncalled for activity are not as broad as the advantages, at that point it is sane to act shamefully. Much as, Hobbes attempts to characterize judiciousness to exist together with prudence, this is just conceivable in reality as we know it where equity wins. If the world is in a â€Å"natural state† (Hobbes portrayal of political agitation), at that point being objective methods endurance for the fittest. A second hypothesis that attempts to characterize the degrees of profound quality as to human conduct is moral pride. Moral vanity depicts how people should act. Moral vanity further attests that ethical obligation ought to depend on doing activities that reflect best personal responsibility. In doing as such, one ought not keep away from activities that help other people however isn't under any commitment to seek after personal circumstance as to the prosperity of others. In spite of this extreme stand, moral pride unmistakably expresses that personal circumstance isn't simply joy chasing.

Othello and macbeth human weakness free essay sample

The most evident subject or topic in Othello is vengeance and desire. Iago is the principle kead to nearly everything that occurs in these topics. He has been hearing gossipy tidbits about his wifes issues with the field, so he disdains Othello and must be desirous of Cassio for being lieutenant. Be that as it may, we can never be totally certain what Iagos inspiration is to be so ruinous he figures out how to get Cassio excused yet then Iago doesnt appear to be keen on Cassios work, just in messing more up. We additionally discover that Iago has attempted ordinarily in the past to take the cloth that implies such a great amount to Othello. This discloses to us that he was arranging against Othello some time before his advancement was blocked. Envy influences most different characters too. Othello can't tolerate the way that his significant other may be taking part in an extramarital entanglements and Iago shrewdly plays on this. We will compose a custom paper test on Othello and macbeth human shortcoming or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page For example, when Othello thinks his better half is straightforward and needs confirmation of the issue, Iago inquires as to whether he would need to see her bested (for example with a man on her) yet then advises Othello to quiet down and that his brain maybe may change. Obviously it wont Iago presents the most exceedingly terrible picture conceivable to Othello knowing the harm it will cause. Desire influences practically we all at some point in our lives, and Shakespeare shows the dangerous impacts it has all through the play. Indeed just two characters appear to be unaffected by desire Desdemona and Cassio. Desdemona passes on, yet everybody acknowledges what a decent lady she was, and Cassio is compensated by assuming Othellos position as general (and by choosing Iagos discipline.

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Managing Millions at Texas McCombs

Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Managing Millions at Texas McCombs MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools which are typically ranked outside the top 15. Many MBA programs offer their students an opportunity to manage “real” money during their two years of study. Some schools give their students a few thousand dollars to work with, while others give their students a few million in endowment funds, but none offer as much as the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin, where students manage $17.1M (yes, we said $17.1  million!). Through the  MBA Investment Fund, L.L.C.â€"the first legally constituted private investment company managed by studentsâ€"students oversee funds contributed by more than 40 investors in the Growth Portfolio, Value Portfolio, and Endowment Fund. Each year, up to 20 students are selected  as portfolio managers through an application/interview process, and these students work with investment counselors on economic forecasting, risk management, and the pitching of stock and bond ideas, and then report to an advisory committee made up of faculty from the University of Texas’s department of finance and members of the investment community. If you are interested in investment management, would you not want to be able to say, “I helped select stocks for a multimillion-dollar fund”? Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough University of Texas at Austin (McCombs) Blog Archive Diamonds in the Rough Managing Millions at Texas McCombs MBA applicants can get carried away with rankings. In this series, we profile amazing programs at business schools which are typically ranked outside the top 15. Many MBA programs offer their students an opportunity to manage real money during their two years of study. Some schools give their students a few thousand dollars to work with, while others give their students a few million in endowment funds, but none offer as much as the McCombs School of Business at the University of Texas at Austin, where students manage $17.1M (yes, we said $17.1  million!). Through the MBA Investment Fund, L.L.C.â€"the first legally constituted private investment company managed by studentsâ€"students oversee funds contributed by more than 40 investors in the Growth Portfolio, Value Portfolio and Endowment Fund. Each year, up to 20 students are selected  as portfolio managers through an application/interview process, and these students work with investment counselors on economic forecasting, risk management and pitching stock and bond ideas, and then report to an advisory committee made up of faculty from the University of Texass department of finance and memb ers of the investment community. If you are interested in investment management, would you not want to be able to say, I helped select stocks for a multimillion-dollar fund? Share ThisTweet Diamonds in the Rough University of Texas at Austin (McCombs)

Candide And Voltaires Response To The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment period was considered the period of living and learning through reason in which many writers became prominent in their own opinions on the matter of creation and why it occurred. During these period thinkers of the Enlightenment believed that nothing had imperfections because the world was created by a perfect God, therefore everything he created had to be perfect. There are two authors who emerged during this period who put their own spin, using very detailed opinions, on what they thought about creation. Pope’s Essay on Man discusses how humans cannot reason what they do not know while Voltaire brings about the idea of optimism in his story of Candide which demonstrates optimism to the extreme. In his response to the†¦show more content†¦He underlines this opinion of humans just being a link in nature’s chain in his work by saying â€Å"Vast chain of being, which from God began/Natures ethereal, human, angel, man.†Meaning that if a man is just another link in the chain of nature he has a limited knowledge and if he tries to alter this or view himself as a God, it will result in adversity. Although both arguments can be proven true in some way or another I more closely relate with Pope because of my own religious beliefs. I believe that everything happens for a reason whether it be known or unknown. God has set a plan in place for all of our lives and a lot of the time we do not know or understand why certain things happen. We are not able to comprehend the bigger picture in store for us because as humans we love to have control over own lives and so to think that someone has taken our choice away a lot causes a lot of people decide to agree with Voltaire who questions even the existence of a God. When in reality we still have the choice to make our decisions of who we are and what we choose to with our faith and anything else in life. For me, Pope more closely writes to the sort of optimism that I want to have. Even if there ends up not being a God or supernatural being ruling over us all I would rather have something to put my hope and trust in, also becauseShow More RelatedVoltaire s Candide : A Critique Of Politics And Religion During The Age Of Enlightenment1500 Words   |  6 Pagespublished Candide, ou l Optimisme simultaneously in five European countries in January of 1759, it was met with widespread denouncement due to its controversial content and scandalous portrayal of politics and religion. Nevertheless, the bitingly satirical novel fervently spread throughout Europe and was translated into several more languages, selling tens of thousands of copies within its first year of publication (Barnes). Despite being first categorized as dangerous blasphemy, Candide is now regardedRead MoreComparing Lessons Learned by Candide and Rasselas1291 Words   |  5 PagesComparing and Contrasting Lessons Learned by Candide and Rasselas Voltaires Candide is a short satirical novel based on the life, adventures, and ultimate enlightenment of the title character Candide. The novel was subtitled ironically, The Optimist, in reference to a type of philosophy prevalent in Voltaires day, which the author found repellant. Candide is his answer to optimism as a philosophy. Likewise, Samuel Johnsons Rasselas presents a worldview (according to the philosopher Imlac) thatRead MoreThe Use of Satire in Voltaire’s Candide by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz773 Words   |  4 Pages The Use of Satire in Voltaire’s Candide Satire. According to dictionary.com it is â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues†. During a time when going against the common mindset, which at the time was philosophical optimism, was rare and often looked down upon, using satire in order to not only communicate one’s beliefs but also mock those who shared the mainstreamRead MoreVoltaire s Candide By Voltaire2264 Words   |  10 Pages Candide by Voltaire Book Critique Emma Joy Mr. Boni World History 2- Period 2 12/19/14 I. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Bantam Books, 1959. Candide by Voltaire is a very educational and informative piece. It was chosen to be read so the students could gain a better understanding of some of the written pieces in the Enlightenment. Voltaire also makes many references as to what life was like in the 18th century. Voltaire not only describes the scenery but he gives a description ofRead More`` Candide `` A Satire Of The Social, And The Scientific Revolution1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment was a time when authority was questioned, which enforced change. It emerged out of the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. The Reformation called for a reform of the catholic church. The Scientific Revolution called for moral, social, and political thought to rely on the scientific method and reason rather than the current system of tradition cultural authorities. These changes and ideas continued into the Enlightenment. During his time Franà §ois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778)Read MoreComparsion of Voltaire and Gronniosa w ´s Philosophy Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Voltaire and Gronniosaw are similar in that their quest for enlightenment and individuality, they are also very different. Candide is a philosophical satirical novel that ingeniously shakes the misinterpretation of doctrinal optimism. Whilst A Narrative of the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw written by himself, (For the purpose of this essay, ‘A Narrative.’) is an autobiographical, and spiritual account of Gronniosaw’s Journey. This essay will look at the narrative techniques andRead MoreCandide, The Idea Of Optimism1551 Words   |  7 Pagescase of Candide, the idea of optimism (Pangloss’ views) and pessimism (Martin) are pinned against each other. Optimism is an attitude in which one remains hopeful and positive despite the negative circumstances. Pangloss’ view of optimism involves his belief that everything happens for a reason. Pangloss is stuck in this particular state of m ind through out the novel. He firmly believes that the death, mishaps and misfortunes of others are the way the world is and God has a plan. Candide also startsRead MoreMWDS Candide4817 Words   |  20 Pages Major Work Data Sheet: Candide Title: Candide Author: Voltaire Date of Publication: 1759 Genre: Satire, ‘Conte Philosophique’ (Philosophical Fiction) Biographical information about the author: Francois-Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, was born in 1694 in Paris, France. Though his father wanted him to become a lawyer, Voltaire long held a great passion for writing, and rather than going to law school, spent his time extensively composing poetry, essays, and historical studies. His widespreadRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And Dostoyevsky s Notes From Underground1870 Words   |  8 PagesWhile there have been many brilliant works created to provide emphasis to the importance of moderation, two philosophers in particular, Voltaire and Dostoyevsky, have conceivably accomplished the most exemplary job of delivering evidence in Voltaire’s Candide and Dostoyevsky’s Notes From Underground. Each use the two concepts of reasoning and currency in different ways to express the importance of moderation. In contemporary society, daring to ask a pertinent question on a social platform is feasiblyRead MoreThe Enlightenment Was Rife With Skepticism, Self-Reliance1578 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment was rife with skepticism, self-reliance and discovery. Voltaire’s Candide boasts each within its three main themes; the critique of philosophical systems (optimism, pessimism, and empiricism,) along with social criticism, and utopian ideologies. Voltaire viciously attacks the Church, the Aristocracy, and the Military. This was perfectly in line with the core ideals behind the enlightenment, a time where philosophers believed in using reason and scientific experiments in lieu of

Should Alcohol and Tobacco Advertisement Be Banned Essay

Should alcohol and tobacco advertisement be banned? We may see alcohol and tobacco advertisements everywhere, on television, in newspaper, on street ads card etc. Alcohol ads usually create several feints to tell people that alcohol is good for people and induce people to drink. On the other hand, the malign influence of advertisements shows smoking as something cool. But we know the truth is not so. Alcohol is harmful for people’s health and sometimes it may bring bad effects to self-impression. And cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals, including 43 known cancer-causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400 other toxins. These include nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic,†¦show more content†¦Advertising for tobacco is another source that cause teenagers smoke and adults smoke. Recently, tobacco companies have found new ways to promote their products to youth. They support their sporting events, concerts and movie. Many people favor idols or stars smoke in the movies and they seems very cool. And Teenagers are curious about imitation. Smoke containing nicotine acts as a stimulant to the brain. Nicotine in the bloodstream acts to make the smoker feel calm. In fact, nicotine is a lethal poison, affecting the heart, blood vessels, and hormones. Tobacco smoke contains ov er 4,000 chemical compounds. More than 60 of these are known or suspected to cause cancer. What is more, secondhand smoke can be harmful in many ways and it ruins thousands of non-smoking people, childrens health. The US Surgeon General and the US Food and Drug Administration are among those who have examined the evidence and concluded that tobacco advertising does increase overall consumption. If we ban adverts on tobacco products, they will gradually lose their appeal, because they wont symbolize anything cool, smart or amazing. Tobacco products will become ordinary consumption goods and thus the number of young people who take up smoking in order to be somebody will decrease. All of these points to the conclusion that alcohol and tobaccoShow MoreRelatedAddiction As A Relationship By Jean Kilbourne1288 Words   |  6 PagesThe amount of advertisements for substances is out of control. The public is being forced to witness the death of our society with every commercial promoting the wonderfulness of alcohol and that only with alcohol your life can be truly meaningful and full of friends and family. After reading the essay â€Å"Addiction as a Relationship† by Jean Kilbourne, I didn’t really understand the death grip that these companies’ had on consumers until now. Kilbourne made excellent points in her writing. The mainRead MoreAlcohol and Tobacco in Sports914 Words   |  4 Pagescommercialized, sponsorships have taken over professional sports. In this paper, Alcohol and Tobacco sponsorships will be the issue of this paper. Sports sponsorship has become an important marketing tool for advertiser’s because of the flexibility, broad reach, and high level of brand or corporate exposure that it affords, (Krapp, 49). Yet some sponsors have created an uproar with in the society, these are namely alcohol and tobacco products. These two make up about half of the sponsorship in professionalRead MoreBan Banning Should Not Be Banned981 Words   |  4 Pagesthat should not only be avoided, but also banned. In India specifically, a country that is renowned for its high use of tobacco production and use, the idea of smoking has become a national crisis. With tobacco companies trying to push for freedom of speech† with advertisements, and the government attempting to assume a sense of responsibility, it seems almost impossible to find a solution that can encompass all perspectives. Pro-banning arguments Many feel that the Indian government should be allowedRead MoreAdvertisements: A Threat to Our Little Ones1209 Words   |  5 Pagesactions that are unmonitored such as watching advertisements, which may ruin their efforts completely. The journal of the American Medical Association said that on average children between the age of two and seventeen watch up to 15000 to 18000 hours of television a year (Bagdikian, 2000, p.36). Now consider the number of advertisements kids watch in this time, according to New American Dream (2012, para2) American children watch up to 40,000 advertisements a year. If these figures are taken in to accountRead MoreSurrogate Advertising1445 Words   |  6 PagesInformation. It is being done through different media – banners, radio, television amp; lately the internet. Advertisement in general has also drawn Public ire amp; government intervention time and again – either for moving away from truth and the consumers right to know or for cre ating false images. This is especially true in the case of surrogate advertisements. The issue of surrogate advertisement gained publicity after the government imposed a ban on it. The purpose of this project is to highlightRead MoreEssay on Arguments For and Against a Smoking Ban1426 Words   |  6 Pages Tobacco is one of the most widely-used recreational drugs in the world; mainly in the form of cigarettes, but also in cigars and pipes, and in combination with cannabis and marijuana in joints. Although most countries put age restrictions on its use, over a billion adults smoke tobacco legally every day, and supplying this demand is big business. As well as having serious health consequences for smokers themselves, the pollution of other peoples atmospheres with cigarette Read MoreThe Ethics Of Business Ethics1349 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics can be defined as the critical examination of how people and institutions should behave in the world of commerce. There are many subcategories that we may look into when speaking of business ethics, in this essay I will be writing about advertising ethics. Advertising is practically unavoidable in today s world, we see it in the streets, shops, magazines, television, on the internet, hear it on the radio. In this essay I will describe two ethical issues in advertising, show why businessRead MoreEssay On Cigarettes Should Be Banned707 Words   |  3 PagesChoosing to light another cigarette is choosing to commit another murder and taking another stab at your lungs. Smoking is the cause of one in five deaths each year in the United States alone. Since cigarettes can be considered a mass murder, they should be banned. They are dangero us to smokers and everybody around them, and that makes them vulnerable to secondhand smoke. Smokers are more prone to have high cholesterol due to damaged blood vessel walls and abnormal heart rhythms. They also lead to plaqueRead MoreResearch: Tabacco Control and Road Safety in Australia1584 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor successes in health outcome. These are: A) Smoking and Tobacco Control B) Road Traffic Safety DESCRIPTION Australia ranks highly among nations in efforts to reduce the burden of tobacco caused deaths and disease (WHO, 1997).This is to not ignore the fact that many Australian’s (Indigenous group) are still to quit smoking and enjoy a healthy life. Taking action now should be the priority as we already know how the impact could be. One of the major causesRead MoreIndia s Effect On Television865 Words   |  4 Pagespublic figures promoting the alcohol and tobacco industries. Before every movie on TV they show two health warning commercials with children in them asking their parents to stop smoking and showing the devastation smoking can cause a family. India is a very family oriented society so it s easy to understand why they have chosen to make the non-smoking commercials in this way. The BMJ quotes, Since 2011 under Indian law broadcasts and films that show tobacco use must include health messages

The Use Of Exposing And Diagnosing Ptsd With Evidence...

â€Å"Shellshock† by Roger J. Spiller is an article about the history of exposing and diagnosing PTSD with evidence compiled from multiple countries around the world who have experienced warfare. The writer describes a vast array of physical symptoms with no visible injuries associated with combat (especially those serving in the front lines), the idealism for becoming a soldier of glory in battle, the extent to which the damages from these mental cases caused armies worldwide, and a conclusion that democracy and the industrial revolution influenced the end of those suffering from the disorder in silence. Throughout the article, there are many variations of symptoms and diagnosis that were difficult for psychologists, medical scholars, surgeons, and generals to diagnose or treat. Although there were no physical wounds, Spiller expresses a record of symptoms which included: flashbacks, nightmares, temporary insanity, sudden violent outbursts, self-medication, temporary paralysi s, difficulty walking or speaking, and being easily startled. However, many of those who faced concealable symptoms did so and Spiller states that the remarkably high numbers of those affected by PTSD expressed in his writing must be considered a bare minimum, concerning analysis, even though he cites that 75% of Vietnam veterans were experiencing symptoms of some kind. The article goes on to describe the types of diagnosis and treatments that have been available throughout history, many of which were as

Commonwealth Response to Cyclone Tracy

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth Response to Cyclone Tracy. Answer: Introduction: The paper critically responds to the statements made by Chief justice French in relation to the executive powers of the commonwealth in relation to spending of government funds. The High court has recently passed three major judgments in relation to the powers of the commonwealth in relation to appropriate of government funds. The paper critically analyzes the rationale behind the decisions provided in these cases. In the case of Pape v Commissioner of taxation 2009 HCA 23 the plaintiff had challenged the validity in relation to the executive powers of the commonwealth to make gifts and grants. There were four questions which the court had to address in this case. The first question was in relation to the standing towards the claim. The high court held that the plaintiff had the right to challenge the legality of the executive powers. The court based its decision on the finding that if the act was determined to be unlawful that it would have an effect on the entire tax bonus. The court also based its findings on the doctrine of precedent and the fact that the Act is an Inseverable whole. Although this was a judicially correct finding by the court, it would lead lead to many more challenges in future in relation to the executive powers of the Parliament. In relation to the constitutionality of the legislation the court had referred to Section 81 and 83 of the constitution along with Section 61 a nd 51 (xxxix) of the constitution. It was appropriately found by the court in this case that the combination of section 81, 83, 61 and 51(xxxix) makes the Tax bonus for working Australians Act (No 2) 2009 (cth) constitutionally valid. The court in relation to the third issue in this case had referred to Section 16 of the Taxation Administration Act 1953 (Cth) and held that the consolidate revenue fund in relation to the payment of specified amounts by the commissioner are required and Section 3 of the Bonus act made the legislation a Taxation Law]. Thus it was held by the court that spending of government funds is valid if they are authorized by the parliament. It can be noted through the decision of the court in this case that court not only provided the parliament authority in relation to the tax bonus act but also gave it unlimited powers towards allocation of government funds through the enactment of appropriate legislations. Thus if the parliament wishes to appropriate the government funds in a direction they only need to draft a legislation according to the constitution. In the case of Williams v Commonwealth of Australia [2012] HCA 23 the High Court had provided another landmark judgment in relation to the executive powers of the parliament and appropriating funds under Section 61 of the Australian Constitution. The court in this case had to address four questions. The initial question was in relation to the standing of the plaintiff against the claim. The court held that the plaintiff had sufficient grounds to challenge the validity of the appropriation powers. The second question was in relation to the validity of the executive powers of the common wealth under section 61 and 116 of the constitution. The court ruled that the powers of the executive parliament do not include the powers of commonwealth to authorize the executive and Section 61 and 116 of the constitution did not provide statutory authority to the parliament. The court upheld the claim of the plaintiff ruling that the parliament can only appropriate funds if it has the powers to do s o according to a specific legislation made under the constitution. In dissent Heydon J provided that the regular assumption that the the executive parliament has power to spend anything if it is within the legislative powers of the commonwealth was correct. The judgment made by the court can easily be termed as temporary relief as the parliament has to power to enact legislation according to its will as far as it is in compliance with the provisions of the constitution. The statement was proved as the parliament exactly did so in order to defeat the judgment made by the court through its powers to make legislations. Financial Framework Legislation Amendment Act (No 3) 2012 (Cth) was subsequently enacted by the parliament to so that the parliament can provide itself with the power to make grants and other arrangements. The legislation would ensure that the parliament would have sufficient powers to make any arrangements or grants according to its will as per the provisions of the new legislation. Thus the parliament was successful in defeating the judgment of the court and was now in a position where they could not be challenged. Mr. Williams brought another claim against the actions of the parliament with respect to the validity of Financial Framework Legislation Amendment Act (No 3) 2012 (Cth) in the case of Williams v Commonwealth of Australia [2014] HCA 23 (Williams (No 2)). In this case the high court upheld the claim made by the plaintiff and provided that certain provisions which had been incorporated in the Financial Framework Legislation Amendment Act were not valid as they were not supported by any legislation with respect to the constitution. The High court rejected the claim of the commonwealth that the Section of the Act is valid as it is incidental to laws in with respect to constitutions power to enter contract and appropriate money. The court held that the new provisions to the legislation did not fall within commonwealths legislative powers and thus they are invalid. The court further denied to reopen the decision provided in [William (No 1)] and ruled that the proposition of the commonwealth reveals no greater content than that the Commonwealth parties wish that the decision in [Williams (No 1)] had been different. Through this statement the court made it clear the parliament does not have unlimited powers to make legislation in relation to the constitution and all legislations must therefore be supported by the provisions of the constitution. References Eburn, Michael. "Managing civil contingencies in Australia."The International Journal of Human Rights18.2 (2014): 143-158. Financial Framework Legislation Amendment Act (No 3) 2012 (Cth) Ratnapala, Suri, and Jonathan Crowe.Australian Constitutional Law: Foundations and Theory. Oxford University Press, 2012. Saunders, Benjamin. "The Commonwealth and the Chaplains: Executive Power after Williams v Commonwealth." (2012). Tax bonus for working Australians Act (No 2) 2009 (cth) Lynch, Andrew. "Commonwealth Spending After Williams (No 2): Has the New Dawn Risen?." (2015). McNamara, Joe. "The Commonwealth response to Cyclone Tracy: Implications for future disasters."Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The27.2 (2012): 37. Saunders, Cheryl, and Michelle Foster. "The Australian Federation: A story of the centralization of power."Federalism and legal unification. Springer Netherlands, 2014. 87-102. Williams, George. "Bryan Pape and his legacy to the law."U. Queensland LJ34 (2015): 29.8.2 (2014): 143-158.

Irony In Huck Finn Essays - Humour, Rhetorical Techniques, Comedy

Irony in Huck Finn Akshay Upadhyaya Irony is defined as a situation, or use of words that involve some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. There are three types of irony: verbal, dramatic, and situational. Verbal irony is almost like sarcasm, because in a verbal irony, the opposite of what is said is meant. Dramatic irony is an incongruity or discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive. Situational irony is a situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate2. In Huck Finn, all three types of ironies were present. Dramatic irony was abundant through out the book, but the most dramatic one was when the Grangerfords gave Huck his own slave. Huck told about the easy time his slave had since Huck was not used to people waiting on him. This is dramatic irony because its is an incongruity between what the character perceived and what the author intended the reader to perceive. Huck thought that his slave had an easy time because he was not used to people waiting on him; Twain, however, wanted to reader to see that Huck was not willingly to take advantage of a black man. As a result, the reader could see that Huck had more respect for black people than most white people. A very perceptive verbal irony was used when Huck was describing the servant life in England to Joanna Wilks. He told her that the English treated servants worse than dogs, and treated them worse than the Americans treated their slaves. This was a verbal irony because Huck was the only one who saw how the slaves were treated worse than dogs in America yet he said that the Americans treated their slaves better than the English did their servants. An example of a situational irony was when the whole town was upset about the splitting of the slave family. The town lamented over the breakup of the family, but if the family had been sold intact, no one would have cared. The situation was ironic because the town did not care about the selling of the family, as long as it was done ethically. This kind of dichotomy is the very heart of ironies.

15 Easy Part-Time Jobs for College Students That Pay Well

15 Easy Part-Time Jobs for College Students That Pay Well College students are often in need of extra money. Part-time jobs are great in this situation, as having a lot of classes each day cant allow students to work full time. To make your choice of a part-time job a little easier, we have created a list of 15 easy part-time jobs that will perfectly suit a busy student life and bring you extra cash. 1. Barista Mmm, a coffee scent in the air and tasty drinks for every coffee lover out there! Baristas at Starbucks, Stumptown, Tullys Coffee, etc., have pretty beneficial packages, opportunities for further career growth and competitive salaries. Coffee chains gladly hire students and provide a flexible schedule. You can also choose the working place that will be suitable for you. 2. Dog Walker/Pet Sitter Students who love animals will definitely enjoy trying themselves as pet sitters. You can give an advert at local bulletin boards or freelance platforms and take as much working hours as you need. Moreover, you can take care of a few dogs at the same time, walking them, bringing to a vet, playing and feeding them. This way, you will increase your hour payment. 3. Merchandiser A lot of shop items are stocked by merchandisers – brand representatives who restock shelves and set up promotions. College students often work as merchandisers because they can choose the location of work and working hours according to the classes. The only thing you need to consider before searching for this type of job is that you have to lift and move heavy boxes when working as a merchandiser. 4. Call Center Worker Many companies have call centers, hotlines or customer service teams and regularly hire people for full-time or part-time jobs. Call center employees might do cold sales calls, survey calls or provide service support. Anyway, you dont need to be a professional speaker to work there as you will be given a script to follow. So, you just need to be polite and have a distinct utterance. 5. Brand Ambassador Have you ever been approached by the representative of some brand (Avon, Monster Energy, Red Bull, etc.) and given free samples or asked to take participation in a survey? Thats what a brand ambassador does. Basically, your job would be to collect people opinions about the company or distribute products of the brand. 6. Cashier Cashiers are one of the most common positions among the working students. Its a more demanding job than others as it implies excellent attentiveness. But this position is easy to find as you can turn to the nearest local supermarket, mall or grocery store. Moreover, this is an example of a part-time job that pays well. 7. Retail Worker A retail worker is also a common job position. A lot of girls prefer to work in clothes or make-up stores as consultants or assistants as it is a pleasant and easy job for all fashionistas. This job will suit any college student who is polite, friendly, communicative and patient. Retail shops usually provide a convenient schedule of the shifts, proper payment, discounts for their products or even free products for employees to try out (for example, Sephora has monthly free products for each employee). To keep up with the industry, check out our list of fashion blogs. 8. Photographer If you have a particular talent, for example, you are an eager photography amateur, you can try different freelance jobs which you can find on platforms like Freelancer or Upwork. You can choose which order you want to take or when you want to work. You can also sell your photographs to photo stocks or magazines, websites, designers, etc. You can arrange photoshoots in a studio or provide your services at weddings, graduation ceremonies, birthday parties or conferences. 9. Writer If you have a writing talent, you can try yourself as a freelance writer. As well as a photographer, you can find clients online and take their orders to work from home. This is a great job as you dont even need to leave your home as you can send finished pieces through email and get paid. A writer can be helpful to online stores, publishing companies, online magazines and small businesses who need freelance writing help. 10. Social Media Assistant A lot of bloggers and brands require assistance in the social media posting process. If you are an addict to social media scrolling through – this is a job for you. You will be asked to create engaging content, answer to comments, and follow the posting plan. Such a job doesnt require specific skills and is one of those higher paying vacancies that many students want to get because they can work for this part-time job from home. The competition is intense and finding a part-time job in this area might be challenging, so be sure to check the job posting frequently. You can also write to your favorite brand or influencer (for example, YouTube blogger) and offer your help. Who knows, you might become an assistant of the future millionaire or a specialist in this sphere, which, actually, doesn’t require an academic degree. 11. Library Worker You can also search for a job at your college. There are usually job positions for students inside your learning institution such as a library worker, technical assistant, a cafeteria worker, etc. Its a good chance for those who dont want to leave the campus. You will also love a job in a library if you are an eager reader as you will have free access to the books, scientific works, and other sources. By the way, do you know which books are in the â€Å"must-read† list for college students? 12. Data Entry Clerk Data entry clerk positions dont require any specific skills except attentiveness and fast speed of typing. Data entry clerks usually work with statistics, medical or financial information. However, there are a lot of scams in this sphere. So, be sure to check out testimonials or find a person with experience of working for the company. 13. Babysitter What is more common than a student working as a babysitter? This job is without any doubts one of the most popular positions among high school and college students. It requires you to be attentive, caring, and patient towards kids. Students who work as babysitters or tutors make good money and also have an opportunity to get a permanent position for a long time. 14. Delivery Driver Check out companies that sell any products or offer food delivery in your location – they might be hiring. Delivery is usually beneficial as you can be provided with a car or a bicycle to drive and also get tips from satisfied customers. You will also be able to get a discount on the products that this company sells. 15. Waiter Many students work in restaurants as waiters or hosts. A part-time job in a restaurant has certain benefits: Decent tips Flexible schedule Friendly atmosphere An opportunity for career growth And the main advantage is that finding jobs in this sphere is as easy as pie. In a restaurant, you also can choose the most convenient time and days of the week when you want to work. Wrapping Up A lot of successful businessmen started as baristas, waiters or dog walkers. Dont be ashamed of the place you work for and choose the option that would be the best for you. Let us know what other easy part time job ideas for college students you can suggest and read our guide on how to choose a part-time job for more ideas.

2nd Amendment (Right to Bear Arms) Research Paper

2nd Amendment (Right to Bear Arms) - Research Paper Example The Court ruling also says that an individual can use firearms for ‘traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home’ (FindLaw, n.d.). The Amendment II as passed by the Congress states that â€Å"a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed† (cited in Young, 2007, p.222). The Second Amendment came into effect in the second half of the 20th century. As described in a web document (‘Constitutional Topic: The Second Amendment’, n.d.), gun control advocates perceived the Amendment in another way referring to the mounting level of violence in the society and the role played by firearms in those issues; and in contrast to this view, firearm enthusiasts claimed that the opponents’ arguments are against people’s freedom and hence they interpreted the 2nd Amendment just as fiercely. Evidently, some phrases in the Second Amendment paved the way for a series of debates. The English Bill of Rights 1689 has greatly influenced the 2nd Amendment to the US Constitution. The right to have arms has been considered as one of the fundamental natural right throughout the English history. In District Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court makes reference to the English rights concerning the possession of arms by individuals. The growing threat of terrorism in Western countries, particularly in the United States, justifies the Second Amendment. Since US is considered to be prone to terror attacks since the 9/11, this Amendment would raise the level of security of US people. Referring to the increasing rates of crimes in the country including robbery, kidnapping, and sexual assaults, this Amendment would help people to be more self-defensive. However, some law professionals do not support Amendment II arguing that this would worsen the gun crimes in the country. As stated in some documents (‘The Second Amendment to the United

Britton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Britton - Essay Example On the other hand, developed countries are defined as ‘technologically and ecologically advanced, enjoy relatively high standards of living and have modern social and political institutions and structures’ (Huybers, 2007, p. 28). Britton expresses his own view on underdeveloped countries by quoting ‘third word countries are seen to suffer from a series of common structural distortions in their economic and social organization. Britton makes emphasizes that third world countries are characterized by forms of dependent development. Britton claims that dependency is conceptualized as the process of historical conditioning that alters the internal functioning of social and economic sub-system within an underdeveloped country. He further outlines that foreign parties have a legacy of political, ideological and economic transformation in the third world countries (Britton, 1982, p. 333). He elaborates that dependency entails the subordination of the national economic ind ependence, which has to meet the requirements of foreign individuals and upper class society as a substitute of political priorities. According to his analysis, Britton believes that structural alterations include lack of fundamental infrastructure like air space, roads and proper knowledge of the tourism industry are the main cause of the underdevelopment. Telfer and Sharpley also attributes this underdevelopment to gender issues like lack of human safety, rights and security (Sharpley & Telfer, 2008, p.4). Britton through his journal draws the fact that colonialism is a major key in how much development takes place in a certain country. Colonization is defined as the invasion and control of other people’s resources and land. During colonization, the original population is kicked out of large plots of land and settlers from another country occupying their land (Mowforth & Munt, 2003, p. 73). Britton also argues that, colonial and imperial domination has largely contributed t o the downfall of many underdeveloped countries especially during the post-colonial period. Many post-colonized countries have close ties with the government of the countries that colonized them. However, according to Britton, this benefits the underdeveloped countries and offers them a chance to flourish due to these benefits since members of the ruling class bear the power required in dealing with the foreign government representatives and officials of the industry itself. According to Britton, many underdeveloped nations use tourism in generating foreign exchange as well as increasing employment opportunities that attract development capital. Therefore, these underdeveloped countries mainly target tourists from these developed countries since they are seen as higher valued in terms of tourism (Kunkel, 2008, p. 37). In order for the underdeveloped nations, to develop a strong tourist economy they have to be rely on the developed nations since capital from foreign tourism is necess ary and beneficial to any developing nation. Therefore, post-colonial countries always seek overseas investments in order to aid them in developing tourism plans. Due to this, many underdeveloped nations have developed business ties with developed countries that are their major tourists since they largely assist them in raising revenue (Lea, 1988, p. 27). Additionally, Briton states the fact that third world countries do not have a choice but to accept the high degree

Factors Affecting Health Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Health Essay Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Ageing population Youthful population Dependency Ratio www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Youthful Population – a population with a very high proportion of young people under the age of 15 Fold along here Dependency Ratio – the ratio between economically and noneconomically active population – normally expressed as a % www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION What is meant by the term ‘dependent population’? Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Fold along here The people who are not working and are therefore dependent on the economically active population (ages 0-14 and 65+) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Define the term Infant Mortality. The number of infants dying before the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year Fold along here Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Population Distribution – how a population is spread out over an area Population Density – the number of people living in a given area 2 (people per km ) Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Population Distribution Population Density Population Explosion www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Explosion – a very rapid increase in population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION What does DTM stand for and what is it used to show? DTM stands for The Demographic Transition Model – this is a model showing population change over time in relation to changing birth and death rates and the consequent change in overall population Fold along here Yr 10 Population www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Natural Decrease – the fall in population caused by deaths exceeding births. Natural Increase – the rise in population caused by births exceeding deaths Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Natural Decrease Natural Increase Depopulation www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Depopulation – a decline in the numbers of people living in an area due to out-migration or changes in birth and death rates. www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Population Growth Rate – the increase in population over a year – normally expressed as a % Population Structure – the age and sex composition of a population Fold along here Define the following key terms: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Population Growth Rate Population Structure Population Pyramids www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Population Pyramid – a diagram used to show the age and sex of a population (also known as age-sex pyramids) www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com A case study to show the consequences of an ageing population – UK – East Devon (Torbay) A case study to show the consequences of a youthful population – The Gambia (Africa) Fold along here A comparison of population structures between a LIC, MIC and HIC – Philippines, Brazil Germany www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com Yr 10 Population St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION Name the following case studies: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate An example of a densely populated area of the UK A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Fold along here ï‚ · Yr 10 Population A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate – China’s One Child Policy An example of a densely populated area in the UK – London and the South East A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) – Singapore’s â€Å"3 or more Policy† An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK – Scottish Highlands www.geobytesgcse.wordpress.com St Ivo School Geography Department GCSE REVISION The world’s population is unevenly distributed Some areas have a high population density eg, Asia / 2 Europe (75+people/km ) Other areas of the world have a low population density 2 e.g. Canada/Greenland and Russia (

Death Penalty :: essays research papers

DEATH PENALTY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death penalty has been a staple in the justice system of America since its inception. Though very controversial, it has stood the test of time as the ultimate punishment. Many countries are currently abolishing their death penalty practice. America, on the other hand, has thirty-eight of fifty states with laws regarding the death penalty. It seems the United States requires the death penalty more than ever due to the increased rate of violent crime. Since nineteen ninety more than three hundred fifty people have been put to death with another three thousand three hundred in the waiting on death row. On a larger scale, since nineteen seventy-six five hundred fifty-two executions have occurred in the United States, the breakdown is as follows: three hundred ninety-four by lethal injection, one hundred forty-one by electrocution, eleven by gas chamber, three by hanging, and two by firing squad. Half of the post- nineteen seventy-six executions have occurred within the last five years, including fifty-two so far this year. Although the death penalty has brought many viscous criminals to a â€Å"fitting† end, the process by which the death penalty is based upon is an inconsistent one. The system of tangled appeals, court orders, and last minute pardons has rendered the entire system ineffective. As displayed by the swelling of the stagnant pool of death row inmates, criminals are not deterred by the punishment. â€Å" An evil deed is not redeemed by an evil deed of retaliation. Justice is never advanced in the taking of human life. Morality is never upheld by legalized murder.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many loopholes exist in the structure of the death penalty. The outcome of the case is decided by the quality of the lawyer defending the accused. Many criminals cannot afford a competent lawyer, resulting in a greater chance of that particular person being issued the death penalty, as opposed to life in prison. A fine line separates these two charges, and a defendant who can afford a competent lawyer stands less of a chance of being assigned the death penalty than one who cannot. Also studies show that the application of the death penalty is racial biased. The amount of violent crimes are split almost equally between the white and black ethnic groups. Since nineteen seventy-seven eighty-two percent of the criminals assigned the death penalty have committed the crime in question against a Caucasian. Another glaring defect of the structure of the death penalty system in America are the laws regarding the sentencing of criminals under the age of eighteen. Minors can be sentenced to death in twenty-four states.

Monster Walter Dean Myers

Monster, by Walter Dean Myers, is about a 16 year old Harlem boy named Steve Harmon. Steve gets tried for murder in a court of law because he supposedly was involved in the burglary/shooting of Mr. Nesbit, the convenience store clerk on December 22. Steve is wrongfully arrested, and spends time in jail awaiting his verdict, which he is found innocent for after a long trial. While in prison, Steve put his time to good use and wrote a play word for word based on his trial. This book falls under the theme of stories that expose limits. This is true because Steve lost all hope in his case, and thought that he will be found guilty for the murder of Mr. Nesbit; however he found thestrength to push through and regain his confidence. Steve's main inspiration was his family because he does not want to look weak in their eyes, especially his younger brother. In addition, Steve has to live in prison for a few months awaiting his verdict; he has to keep up a tough attitude to get through the daily occurrences of beat-downs, molestation and corruption. Prison is even worse for an inmate when they are truly innocent. Steve Harmon is a very strong individual for being able to push through this whole trial without going over the edge; he coped with everything and kept sane by writing his play. Steve Harmon portrays the fear of a teenager who is in prison and portrays a confident teenager who is strong enough to pull through any adversity while having his world thrown upside down. He portrays fear of ones life in prison because the whole book he is trying to get out of prison and to have his life back. He also convinces his lawyer of his innocence and the fact that he was simply in the wrong place at the wrong time. If Steve Harmon had not put any effort in, or did not convince his lawyer he was innocent, he would have rotted for his whole life in a 6 by 8 foot cell. Steve Harmon portraysconfidence because he always believed in his innocence, and would stop at nothing to convince others. Steve's family and lawyer, Kathy O'Brien, motivated Steve to believe in himself because they believed that he could never commit a heinous crime such as murder. I can relate to Steve Harmon because when I was elementary school I did not have much confidence in myself. For example, when I would be in plays I did not like to be on stage and perform. When Steve started his trial he didn't have muchconfidence in himself either. Steve Harmon had such little confidence he thought he was guilty even though he was not. As time progressed, I felt much more confident in myself to take certain risks, try new stuff and make my voice heard. I can thank my parents and friends for this accomplishment. My parents would always encourage me to try new things, speak out, and always tell me I am the best. Steve Harmon gained hisconfidence from his friends and family also, his lawyer always telling him he is going to be ok and he will be tried innocent. What this taught me about myself is family is the most important thing in your life and they can only make your life better.

The Cyber Security Vulnerabilities Faced By Different...

In today society, Information Technology (IT) managers are facing their fears of different cyber security vulnerabilities faced by different network. The vulnerabilities being either unknown or known makes it challenging for an Information Technology manager to keep the network secure. Organizations prefer to deal with wireless network because of what it can offer. According to Cisco, wireless networks are a powerful tool for boosting productivity and encouraging information sharing. With untethered access to documents, emails, applications and other network resources, employees can roam where they need to and have constant access to the tools required to do their jobs (Five Reasons to Go Wireless). Dealing with wireless network it allows employees or guest to browse without losing connection in the building. Wireless network has been an option for companies to have because it’s easy to set up and cheaper to implement. When it comes to network expansion, company may find this a better option to get access to information because it allows business transport data over networks (Dean). Wireless network is now common in business and home network and necessary in some specialized network environments however; from an IT manager’s perspective it could be a nightmare. When talking about network vulnerabilities, wireless connection used on a personal or business network is one of the major vulnerability. A device having access on a wireless network on public and private networksShow MoreRelatedThe Achievement And Success Of Cyber Crimes1124 Words   |  5 PagesSuccess in Cybercrime Cyber crimes refer to crimes committed against computers, computer networks of the information stored in computers (Bronk, 2008). In the past, the main problem that law enforcement officers have faced with regard to cyber crimes has had to do with the jurisdiction. With the prominence of the internet as a means communication and computers are a means of accessing information, cyber crimes have become prevalent. However, given the realisation that cyber crimes can be committedRead MoreThe Security Measures Protect The Digital Infrastructure1476 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In an age where every sophisticated industry relies on computer systems and data centers for its operations, any kind of vulnerabilities in such system might provide an opportunity for exploitation to someone with an inappropriate intention. The constant threat of digital breach and exploitation gave birth to the field of Cyber Security, which is the field of technology dedicated to protecting computer devices and information systems from unintended or unauthorized access to the softwareRead MoreThe Annual Cost Of Cyber Crime Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesthe annual cost of cyber crime in the United States. Due to high cyber attacks and the daily high usage of the internet it is crucial for business to have a secure network to prevent and protect customers and the business itself from having sensitive information compromised and leaked. Causing the current debate between the technology market and the U.S Government Officials. The government is requesting access to all encrypted dat a which will allow law enforcement to track cyber crime with hopes toRead MoreCommunication Networks Linking Smart Grid1364 Words   |  6 Pages SCADA vulnerabilities Increased communication: Communication networks linking smart grid or any other critical infrastructure devices and systems is creating more access points to the devices, hence chances of being attacked are increasing, Increased complexity: The systems are becoming more complex to understand hence establishing a strong security in the system is becoming a difficult task. Use of shared technology: The SCADA systems are using a major portion of common technologies, these technologiesRead MoreCybercrime Is A Serious Issue1444 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the main risks to cyber security and are states or non-state actors the main challenge? Word Count 1188 Cybercrime is a serious issue that the international community faces today, with risks such as theft, espionage, surveillance and sabotage, a very real and accessible threat exists. Cyber security can be defined as a cyber activity that may threaten the security of a system or its information (Threat report 2015). There are various state and nonRead MoreHow Information Security Has Become A Critical Function Within All Organizations Across The World1719 Words   |  7 PagesInformation security has become a critical function within all organizations across the world. Hackers are finding more and more ways to hack into computer systems by exploiting software vulnerabilities. In addition, hackers are becoming more creative on the methods used to achieve the exploitation of these vulnerabilities. As a result, many organizations have implemented controls to detect and identify threats before hackers successfully hack into an organization and cause irreparable damage. ThereRead MoreA Br ief Note On Companies And The Largest Ever Consumer Data Breach1712 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study #2: Maxxed Out: TJX Companies and the Largest-Ever Consumer Data Breach There are five components to the operations security process that companies use to analyze. These five modules provide a company a full analysis of the risks, vulnerabilities, and threats of their data and how to mitigate them. This process identifies all the critical information the company or organization have such a credit card information like TJX had on their main server. Identifying this information is crucialRead MoreThe United States is Under Cyber Warfare859 Words   |  3 PagesUnited States is under attack. To be exact, the nation’s power grid is under attack in the form of cyber warfare. On May 21st, 2013 Congressmen Edward J. Markey and Henry A Waxman published a report that provided the findings from information that they had requested from over 150 utility companies (of which 60% responded). More than a dozen utilities reported â€Å"daily, constant, or frequent attempted cyber-attacks† (Markey Waxman) with one utility reporting that they have about 10,000 attempted attacksRead MoreThe Problem Of Cyber Warfare1531 Words   |  7 Pagesthese advancements were done with strong and positive intentions, new security dangers have arisen along with them. Though a large chunk of these dangers are studied and well known by some, little is being done to prevent these dangers and it needs to change. Starting off, one of the most critical issues the United States and the world have with combating cyberattacks is that there is no clear definition of what one actually is. Cyber warfare is currently defined as â€Å"internet-based conflict involvingRead MoreCyber Attacks And Its Effects On The United States1238 Words   |  5 PagesISIS have an advanced computer network that uses social media to attract terrorists worldwide to help them attack countries like the United States. Many countries have been victims of cyber attacks but may not realize it until long after the security breach occurred. In June of 2015, the Office of Personnel Management found out that it was being hacked. The hack had been going on for several months before authorities realized it. It was one of the largest security breaches in United States history

Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of...

Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Although Joyce rejected Catholic beliefs, the influence of his early training and education is pervasive in his work. The parallels between Biblical text and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man are abundant. As Cranly says to Stephen, It is a curious thing, do you know, how your mind is supersaturated with the religion in which you say you disbelieve (232). The novel progresses in a way that seems Biblical in nature; thematically it compares with the creation and fall of man and/or Lucifer. In addition, the style is at times similar to Biblical text, using familiar rhythm, repetition, phrasing and imagery. As†¦show more content†¦He hears his fathers voice and the words conjure up images in his childs mind of a cow and a little boy walking down the road. The words have the power to create. He hears the music of language in songs. The artist takes things literally from the beginning. Words which he did not understand he said over and over to himself till he had learned them by heart: and through them he had glimpses of the real world about (57). Language is both symbolic and naturalistic to Joyce. Not only does language serve as symbols to communication and expression, but they have a concrete, physical presence. He hears them, feels them, sees them and reacts to them as separate entities apart from their symbolic value. The sounds of language are emphasized; the word suck sounds like water going down the hole in the basin (6); the keys make a quick music, click, click, click, click (16); the sound of gas burning is like a song (16). He writes, For the words, so beautiful and sad, like music (10). He believes that words have power over him. When he struggles against the sensual temptation of sexual desire, words and images overpower him. His recent monstrous reveries came thronging into his memory. They too had sprung up before him, suddenly and furiously, out of mere words (85). The words that he must use to confess his sin are somehow more terrible than the action. To say it in words? His soul, stifling andShow MoreRelatedLecture on Short Story5432 Words   |  22 Pagesgenerations told to the young by the fire in order to prepare them for future challenges (what we have come to call â€Å"fairy or folk tales†) or the tales that uncovered the mysteries of life and death and the vagaries of natural phenomena in early religious ritual (what we now know as myth). These two short narrative forms, the fairy-tale and the myth, are the distant ancestors of the modern short story. The short story, even in its modern form, partakes to a degree of this desire to illuminate and Read MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pageswith a potential to learn language, but he is not able to communicate in a particular language until he learns to use it. So the language of art needs to be learned too. The definition of beautiful is a fluid concept. Each generation of artists explores new frontiers and ads to the existing pool of artistic language. For example, if you were to ask someone from the Renaissance period to appraise Picassos paintings, Picassos works would most likely be too different from their current understandingRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesendured throughout our lives, all that is left to show it is an empty doorway and a leaf, representing just a hole in the wall and no one there. Next, love is discussed. As the grass leans, all of the attentions goes to it and it is given a romantic theme. Just like two people alone on the beach. Finally, he says â€Å"a poem should not mean, but be.† This means that the context should relate to people and cause a reaction, rather than just have people hear it. All in all, the poem should be a meaningfulRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) O rganizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc

The Truth Behind Marijuana Legalization - 1462 Words

The Truth Behind Marijuana Marijuana is arguably the most controversial drug in history. In general, when someone hears the word â€Å"drugs† they think of a terrible substance that will destroy the human body. However bringing up marijuana, many people think of different things. Some think of a degenerate hippie, but many Americans simply do not know what to think, and bringing up the legalization of the substance is even more controversial. There is a large group of people that believe the legalization of marijuana is pointless and only serves the purpose of making people unhealthy, but at the same time there are many that believe its legalization will solve many problems in America. Marijuana should be a legal, regulated drug because of its long history, the United States growing economic crisis, and the strong medical purpose it has. Marijuana has been poorly represented in our history, even though it has been used for centuries. The earliest traces of its use dated back to 4500 years ago. It has al so been very prominent in general American history, â€Å"Some colonies even made hemp cultivation compulsory, calling its production necessary for the ‘wealth and protection of the country’.† (Marijuana Use Should Be Decriminalized.) This shows the positive effect that marijuana had on the early development of our country. Now this leads many people to the question, â€Å"If marijuana was so great then why was it made illegal?† The answer to this question is that it began to becomeShow MoreRelatedThere is a salient and continuous negative stigma concerning the legalization of marijuana for1100 Words   |  5 Pagesconcerning the legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes. The pathology that arises from this issue is a subjective matter, highly provocative because those who oppose and those who endorse present rhetoric in a very polarized manner. 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They also can see thatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1208 Words   |  5 Pagesknown as marijuana, and by various other names is a composition of the cannabis plant intended for utilization as a psychoactive medication and physiological effects. People usually think that marijuana is unhealthy drug that needs to be avoided, but is it harmful than alcohol and tobacco? In modern days, cannabis is used as a recreational or medical drug, depending on the laws provided by different states in the USA. Although marijuana faces a strong opposition, a force for its legalization is extendingRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Should Not Be Beneficial1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana is such a growing debate in the United States, whether it’s on television, in the classroom, or in your own kitchen; you may find yourself debating about it with someone. You are either for it, against it, or indifferent. Either way you still have an opinion of some sort about the legalization of marijuana. Christopher Beach and William Bennett are no different. The release of their article on called â€Å"Legalize Juggernaut† on WeeklyStandard.com timing is perfect sinceRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1342 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana has earned itself a terrible name over the years. This plant has a long history with humans, from early medical uses to spiritual and even recreational use. In recent years, many states have seen the legalization of marijuana for medical uses. Most large scale experiments have been hindered because of the difficul ty of getting experiments involving marijuana approved. Despite this roadblock for the research of marijuana, surveys and observations of the medical use of marijuana show thatRead MoreSome Truths about Marijuana Essay860 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana, a plant that humans have used for thousands of years, grows ever closer to decriminalization and legalization around the country. Now that states like Washington and Colorado have legalized the recreational use of Marijuana, the opposition proclaims that usage of this plant will lead to harder drugs. This claim simply isn’t true and studies done by numerous organizations discredit the gateway drug theorem. Marijuana affects psychomotor skills because of the chemical tetrahydrocannabinolRead MoreShould Drugs be Legalized?1187 Words   |  5 PagesPolice also must abide by the fourth amendment of no illegal search and seizure, but those against legalization believe that under circumstance that since drugs such as marijuana â⠂¬Å"has no medical use and does more harm to the body† The legalization of drugs in the United States would benefit society. The three areas of society that would most likely benefit from the legalization of drugs are the economy, law enforcement, and the reduction of organized crime. If drugs were toRead MoreEffects Of Amendment 2 On The State Florida972 Words   |  4 Pagesand the politicians used smooth talking fallacies to blind side the voters. It is time to see the holes in their stance on medical marijuana. â€Å"The Smokescreen† as defined by the author Joe Cardona from the Miami Herald, is the lack of liability Amendment 2 brought to the table when it hit the polls in October. His meaning behind this is because a medical marijuana user would not be receiving a prescription from a trained medical physician. Instead, they would be receiving a referral for a licenseRead MoreThe Use Of Marijuana For Medicinal Purposes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthey say no, maybe they smoke every day, maybe they never will, or maybe they have to if they want to live. Adolescents and adults have access to marijuana as it is easily available behind the scenes these days and it’s about time everybody knows the truth about the uses, effects, purposes, and cures about the devil’s harvest- Marijuana. The use of Marijuana for Medicinal Purposes is illegal due to its classification as an illicit drug, but there are some issues that have been established stating andRead MoreThe Legalizing Marij uana Debate Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesof a cell-phone. Therefore, the government does not need to add marijuana as an additional dangerous influence for drivers. Moreover, once society compromises sanctioning a recognized drug, what will stop the general public from legalizing far more serious drugs such as cocaine or heroin? Say no to legalizing marijuana, and keep the United States safe. The reason that the government can not audit broad distribution of marijuana, is because it has a, strenuous time as it is vigilantly monitoring

Basic Contraction of Aircraft free essay sample

Naval aircraft are built to meet certain specified requirements. These requirements must be selected so they can be built into one aircraft. It is not possible for one aircraft to possess all characteristics; just as it isnt possible for an aircraft to have the comfort of a passenger transport and the maneuverability of a fighter. The type and class of the aircraft determine how strong it must be built. A Navy fighter must be fast, maneuverable, and equipped for attack and defense. To meet these requirements, the aircraft is highly powered and has a very strong structure. The airframe of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of the following five major units: 1. Fuselage 2. Wings 3. Stabilizers 4. Flight controls surfaces 5. Landing gear A rotary-wing aircraft consists of the following four major units: 1. Fuselage 2. Landing gear 3. Main rotor assembly 4. Tail rotor assembly You need to be familiar with the terms used for aircraft construction to work in an aviation rating. STRUCTURAL STRESS LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the five basic stresses acting on an aircraft. The primary factors to consider in aircraft structures are strength, weight, and reliability. These factors determine the requirements to be met by any material used to construct or repair the aircraft. Airframes must be strong and light in weight. An aircraft built so heavy that it couldnt support more than a few hundred pounds of additional weight would be Tension (fig. 4-1, view A) is defined as pull. It is the stress of stretching an object or pulling at its ends. Tension is the resistance to pulling apart or stretching produced by two forces pulling in opposite directions along the same straight line. For example, an elevator control cable is in additional tension when the pilot moves the control column. COMPRESSION If forces acting on an aircraft move toward each other to squeeze the material, the stress is called compression. Compression (fig. 4-1, view B) is the opposite of tension. Tension is pull, and compression is push. Compression is the resistance to crushing produced by two forces pushing toward each other in the same straight line. For example, when an airplane is on the ground, the landing gear struts are under a constant compression stress. useless. All materials used to construct an aircraft must be reliable. Reliability minimizes the possibility of dangerous and unexpected failures. Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft when it is flying and when it is static. When it is static, the force of gravity produces weight, which is supported by the landing gear. The landing gear absorbs the forces imposed on the aircraft by takeoffs and landings. During flight, any maneuver that causes acceleration or deceleration increases the forces and stresses on the wings and fuselage. Stresses on the wings, fuselage, and landing gear of aircraft are tension, compression, shear, bending, and torsion. These stresses are absorbed by each component of the wing structure and transmitted to the fuselage structure. The empennage (tail section) absorbs the same stresses and transmits them to the fuselage. These stresses are known as loads, and the study of loads is called a stress analysis. Stresses are analyzed and considered when an aircraft is designed. The stresses acting on an aircraft are shown in figure 4-1. TENSION 4-1 Figure 4-1. —Five stresses acting on an aircraft. SHEAR Cutting a piece of paper with scissors is an example of a shearing action. In an aircraft structure, shear (fig. -1, view D) is a stress exerted when two pieces of fastened material tend to separate. Shear stress is the outcome of sliding one part over the other in opposite directions. The rivets and bolts of an aircraft experience both shear and tension stresses. BENDING Bending (fig. 4-1, view E) is a combination of tension and compression. For example, when bending a piece of tubing, the upper portion stretches (tension) and the lower portion crushes together (compression). The wing spars of an aircraft in flight are subject to bending stresses. TORSION Torsional (fig. -1, view C) stresses result from a twisting force. When you wring out a chamois skin, you are putting it under torsion. Torsion is produced in an engine crankshaft while the engine is running. Forces that produce torsional stress also produce torque. VARYING STRESS All structural members of an aircraft are subject to one or more stresses. Sometimes a structural member has alternate stresses; for example, it is under compression one instant and under tension the next. The strength of aircraft materials must be great enough to withstand maximum force of varying stresses. SPECIFIC ACTION OF STRESSES You need to understand the stresses encountered on the main parts of an aircraft. A knowledge of the basic stresses on aircraft structures will help you understand why aircraft are built the way they are. The fuselage of an aircraft is subject the fives types of stress—torsion, bending, tension, shear, and compression. Torsional stress in a fuselage is created in several ways. For example, torsional stress is encountered in engine torque on turboprop aircraft. Engine torque tends to rotate the aircraft in the direction opposite to the direction the propeller is turning. This force creates a torsional stress in the fuselage. Figure 4-2 shows the effect of the rotating propellers. Also, torsional stress on the fuselage is created by the action of the ailerons when the aircraft is maneuvered. When an aircraft is on the ground, there is a bending force on the fuselage. This force occurs because of the weight of the aircraft. Bending increases when the aircraft makes a carrier landing. This bending action creates a tension stress on the lower skin of the fuselage and a compression stress on the top skin. Bending action is shown in figure 4-3. These stresses are transmitted to the fuselage when the aircraft is in flight. Bending occurs because of the reaction of the airflow against the wings and empennage. When the 4-2 TORSIONAL STRESS PROPELLER ROTATION ANfO4O2 Figure 4-2. —Engine torque creates torsion stress in aircraft fuselages. aircraft is in flight, lift forces act upward against the wings, tending to bend them upward. The wings are prevented from folding over the fuselage by the resisting strength of the wing structure. The bending action creates a tension stress on the bottom of the wings and a compression stress on the top of the wings. Q4-1. The resistance to pulling apart or stretching produced by two forces pulling in opposite directions along the same straight lines is defined by what term? Q4-2. The resistance to crushing produced by two forces pushing toward each other in the same straight line is defined by what term? Q4-3. Define the term shear as it relates to an aircraft structure. Q4-4. Define the term bending. Q4-5. Define the term torsion. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the various types of metallic and nonmetallic materials used in aircraft construction. An aircraft must be constructed of materials that are both light and strong. Early aircraft were made of wood. Lightweight metal alloys with a strength greater than wood were developed and used on later aircraft. Materials currently used in aircraft construction are classified as either metallic materials or nonmetallic materials. COMPRE SSION TENSION ANf0403 Figure 4-3. —Bending action occurring during carrier landing. 4-3 METALLIC MATERIALS The most common metals used in aircraft construction are aluminum, magnesium, titanium, steel, and their alloys. Alloys An alloy is composed of two or more metals. The metal present in the alloy in the largest amount is called the base metal. All other metals added to the base metal are called alloying elements. Adding the alloying elements may result in a change in the properties of the base metal. For example, pure aluminum is relatively soft and weak. However, adding small amounts or copper, manganese, and magnesium will increase aluminums strength many times. Heat treatment can increase or decrease an alloys strength and hardness. Alloys are important to the aircraft industry. They provide materials with properties that pure metals do not possess. Aluminum Aluminum alloys are widely used in modern aircraft construction. Aluminum alloys are valuable because they have a high strength-to-weight ratio. Aluminum alloys are corrosion resistant and comparatively easy to fabricate. The outstanding characteristic of aluminum is its lightweight. Magnesium Magnesium is the worlds lightest structural metal. It is a silvery-white material that weighs two-thirds as much as aluminum. Magnesium is used to make helicopters. Magnesiums low resistance to corrosion has limited its use in conventional aircraft. Titanium Titanium is a lightweight, strong, corrosionresistant metal. Recent developments make titanium ideal for applications where aluminum alloys are too weak and stainless steel is too heavy. Additionally, titanium is unaffected by long exposure to seawater and marine atmosphere. Steel Alloys Alloy steels used in aircraft construction have great strength, more so than other fields of engineering would require. These materials must withstand the forces that occur on todays modern aircraft. These steels contain small percentages of carbon, nickel, chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum. High-tensile steels will stand stress of 50 to 150 tons per square inch without failing. Such steels are made into tubes, rods, and wires. Another type of steel used extensively is stainless steel. Stainless steel resists corrosion and is particularly valuable for use in or near water. NONMETALLIC MATERIALS In addition to metals, various types of plastic materials are found in aircraft construction. Some of these plastics include transparent plastic, reinforced plastic, composite, and carbon-fiber materials. Transparent Plastic Transparent plastic is used in canopies, windshields, and other transparent enclosures. You need to handle transparent plastic surfaces carefully because they are relatively soft and scratch easily. At approximately 225 °F, transparent plastic becomes soft and pliable. Reinforced Plastic Reinforced plastic is used in the construction of radomes, wingtips, stabilizer tips, antenna covers, and flight controls. Reinforced plastic has a high strength-to-weight ratio and is resistant to mildew and rot. Because it is easy to fabricate, it is equally suitable for other parts of the aircraft. Reinforced plastic is a sandwich-type material (fig. 4-4). It is made up of two outer facings and a center layer. The facings are made up of several layers of glass cloth, bonded together with a liquid resin. The core material (center layer) consists of a honeycomb HONEYCOMB CORE FACINGS Anf0404 (MULTIPLE LAYERS OF GLASS CLOTH) Figure 4-4. —Reinforced plastic. 4-4 structure made of glass cloth. Reinforced plastic is fabricated into a variety of cell sizes. Composite and Carbon Fiber Materials High-performance aircraft require an extra high strength-to-weight ratio material. Fabrication of composite materials satisfies this special requirement. Composite materials are constructed by using several layers of bonding materials (graphite epoxy or boron epoxy). These materials are mechanically fastened to conventional substructures. Another type of composite construction consists of thin graphite epoxy skins bonded to an aluminum honeycomb core. Carbon fiber is extremely strong, thin fiber made by heating synthetic fibers, such as rayon, until charred, and then layering in cross sections. Q4-6. Materials currently used in aircraft construction are classified as what type of materials? Q4-7. What are the most common metallic materials used in aircraft construction? Q4-8. What are the nonmetallic materials used in aircraft construction? FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the construction features of the fixed-wing aircraft and identify the primary, secondary, and auxiliary flight control surfaces. The principal structural units of a fixed-wing aircraft are the fuselage, wings, stabilizers, flight control surfaces, and landing gear. Figure 4-5 shows these units of a naval aircraft. NOTE: The terms left or right used in relation to any of the structural units refer to the right or left hand of the pilot seated in the cockpit. FUSELAGE The fuselage is the main structure, or body, of the aircraft. It provides space for personnel, cargo, controls, and most of the accessories. The power plant, wings, stabilizers, and landing gear are attached to it. VERTICAL STABILIZER (FIN) AILERON FLAP LEADING EDGE OF WING HORIZONTAL STABILIZER ENGINE EXHAUST RUDDER ENGINE EXHAUST ELEVATOR CANOPY COCKPIT WING RADOME NOSE LANDING GEAR ENGINE AIR INLET FAIRING ENGINE NACELLE MAIN LANDING GEAR ANf0405 Figure 4-5. —Principal structural units on an F-14 aircraft. 4-5 There are two general types of fuselage construction—welded steel truss and monocoque designs. The welded steel truss was used in smaller Navy aircraft, and it is still being used in some helicopters. The monocoque design relies largely on the strength of the skin, or covering, to carry various loads. The monocoque design may be divided into three classes—monocoque, semimonocoque, and reinforced shell.  · The true monocoque construction uses formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads to give shape to the fuselage. However, the skin carries the primary stresses. Since no bracing members are present, the skin must be strong enough to keep the fuselage rigid. The biggest problem in monocoque construction is maintaining enough strength while keeping the weight within limits. Semimonocoque design overcomes the strength-to-weight problem of monocoque construction. See figure 4-6. In addition to having formers, frame assemblies, and bulkheads, the semimonocoque construction has the skin reinforced by longitudinal members. The reinforced shell has the skin reinforced by a complete framework of structural members. Different portions of the same fuselage may belong to any one of the three classes. Most are considered to be of semimonocoque-type construction. The semimonocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of aluminum alloy, although steel and titanium are found in high-temperature areas. Primary bending loads are taken by the longerons, which usually extend across several points of support. The longerons are supplemented by other longitudinal members known as stringers. Stringers are more numerous and lightweight than longerons. The vertical structural members are referred to as bulkheads, frames, and formers. The heavier vertical members are located at intervals to allow for concentrated loads. These members are also found at points where fittings are used to attach other units, such as the wings and stabilizers. The stringers are smaller and lighter than longerons and serve as fill-ins. They have some rigidity but are chiefly used for giving shape and for attachment of skin. The strong, heavy longerons hold the bulkheads and formers. The bulkheads and formers hold the stringers. All of these join together to form a rigid fuselage framework. Stringers and longerons prevent tension and compression stresses from bending the fuselage. The skin is attached to the longerons, bulkheads, and other structural members and carries part of the load. The fuselage skin thickness varies with the load carried and the stresses sustained at particular location.  ·  · ANf0406 Figure 4-6. —Semimonocoque fuselage construction. 4-6 There are a number of advantages in using the semimonocoque fuselage.  · The bulkhead, frames, stringers, and longerons aid in the design and construction of a streamlined fuselage. They add to the strength and rigidity of the structure. The main advantage of the semimonocoque construction is that it depends on many structural members for strength and rigidity. Because of its stressed skin construction, a WS 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 semimonocoque fuselage can withstand damage and still be strong enough to hold together. Points on the fuselage are located by station numbers. Station 0 is usually located at or near the nose of the aircraft. The other stations are located at measured distances (in inches) aft of station 0. A typical station diagram is shown in figure 4-7. On this particular aircraft, fuselage station (FS) 0 is located 93. inches forward of the nose.  · AIRCRAFT STATIONS FS FUSELAGE STATION WS WING STATION 20o WING UNSWEPT 75o WING OVERSWEPT 68o WING SWEPT STATIC GROUND LINE 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 ARRESTING HOOK FULLY EXTENDED 850 ANfO407 Figure 4-7. —Fuselage station diagram of an F-14 aircraft. 4-7 WINGS Wings develop the major portion of the lift of a heavier-than-air aircraft. Wing structures carry some of the heavier loads found in the aircraft structure. The particular design of a wing depends on many factors, such as the size, weight, speed, rate of climb, and use of the aircraft. The wing must be constructed so that it holds its aerodynamics shape under the extreme stresses of combat maneuvers or wing loading. Wing construction is similar in most modern aircraft. In its simplest form, the wing is a framework made up of spars and ribs and covered with metal. The construction of an aircraft wing is shown in figure 4-8. Spars are the main structural members of the wing. They extend from the fuselage to the tip of the wing. All the load carried by the wing is taken up by the spars. The spars are designed to have great bending strength. Ribs give the wing section its shape, and they transmit the air load from the wing covering to the spars. Ribs extend from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing. In addition to the main spars, some wings have a false spar to support the ailerons and flaps. Most aircraft wings have a removable tip, which streamlines the outer end of the wing. Most Navy aircraft are designed with a wing referred to as a wet wing. This term describes the wing that is constructed so it can be used as a fuel cell. The wet wing is sealed with a fuel-resistant compound as it is built. The wing holds fuel without the usual rubber cells or tanks. The wings of most naval aircraft are of all metal, full cantilever construction. Often, they may be folded for carrier use. A full cantilever wing structure is very strong. The wing can be fastened to the fuselage without the use of external bracing, such as wires or struts. A complete wing assembly consists of the surface providing lift for the support of the aircraft. It also provides the necessary flight control surfaces. NOTE: The flight control surfaces on a simple wing may include only ailerons and trailing edge flaps. The more complex aircraft may have a variety of devices, such as leading edge flaps, slats, spoilers, and speed brakes. Various points on the wing are located by wing station numbers (fig. 4-7). Wing station (WS) 0 is located at the centerline of the fuselage, and all wing stations are measured (right or left) from this point (in inches). STABILIZERS The stabilizing surfaces of an aircraft consist of vertical and horizontal airfoils. They are called the TRAILING EDGE LEADING EDGE RIBS SPARS ANf0408 Figure 4-8. —Two-spar wing construction. 4-8 vertical stabilizer (or fin) and horizontal stabilizer. These two airfoils, along with the rudder and elevators, form the tail section. For inspection and maintenance purposes, the entire tail section is considered a single unit called the empennage. The main purpose of stabilizers is to keep the aircraft in straight-and-level flight. The vertical stabilizer maintains the stability of he aircraft about its vertical axis (fig. 4-9). This is known as directional stability. The vertical stabilizer usually serves as the base to which the rudder is attached. The horizontal stabilizer provides stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis. This is known as longitudinal stability. The horizontal stabilizer usually serves as the base to which the elevators are attached. On many newer, high-performance aircraft, the entire vertical and/or horizontal stabilizer is a movable airfoil. Without the movable airfoil, the flight control surfaces would lose their effectiveness at extremely high altitudes. Stabilizer construction is similar to wing construction. For greater strength, especially in the thinner airfoil sections typical of trailing edges, a honeycomb-type construction is used. Some larger carrier-type aircraft have vertical stabilizers that are folded hydraulically to aid aircraft movement aboard aircraft carriers. FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACES Flight control surfaces are hinged (movable) airfoils designed to change the attitude of the aircraft during flight. These surfaces are divided into three groups—primary, secondary, and auxiliary. Primary Group The primary group of flight control surfaces includes ailerons, elevators, and rudders. The ailerons attach to the trailing edge of the wings. They control the rolling (or banking) motion of the aircraft. This action is known as longitudinal control. The elevators are attached to the horizontal stabilizer and control the climb or descent (pitching motion) of the aircraft. This action is known as lateral control. The rudder is attached to the vertical stabilizer. It determines the horizontal flight (turning or yawing motion) of the aircraft. This action is known as directional control. The ailerons and elevators are operated from the cockpit by a control stick on single-engine aircraft. A yoke and wheel assembly operates the ailerons and elevators on multiengine aircraft, such as transport and VERTICAL AXIS LATERAL AXIS ROLL LONGITUDINAL AXIS YAW PITCH ANf0409 Figure 4-9. —Axes and fundamental movements of the aircraft. 4-9 patrol aircraft. The rudder is operated by foot pedals on all types of aircraft. Secondary Group The secondary group includes the trim tabs and spring tabs. Trim tabs are small airfoils recessed into the trailing edges of the primary control surface. Each trim tab hinges to its parent primary control surface, but operates by an independent control. Trim tabs let the pilot trim out an unbalanced condition without exerting pressure on the primary controls. Spring tabs are similar in appearance to trim tabs but serve an entirely different purpose. Spring tabs are used for the same purpose as hydraulic actuators. They aid the pilot in moving a larger control surface, such as the ailerons and elevators. Auxiliary Group The auxiliary group includes the wing flaps, spoilers, speed brakes, and slats. WING FLAPS. —Wing flaps give the aircraft extra lift. Their purpose is to reduce the landing speed. Reducing the landing speed shortens the length of the landing rollout. Flaps help the pilot land in small or obstructed areas by increasing the glide angle without greatly increasing the approach speed. The use of flaps during takeoff serves to reduce the length of the takeoff run. Some flaps hinge to the lower trailing edges of the wings inboard of the ailerons. Leading edge flaps are used on the F-14 Tomcat and F/A-18 Hornet. Four types of flaps are shown in figure 4-10. The plain flap forms the trailing edge of the airfoil when the flap is in the up position. In the split flap, the trailing edge of the airfoil is split, and the lower half is hinged and lowers to form the flap. The fowler flap operates on rollers and tracks, causing the lower surface of the wing to roll out and then extend downward. The leading edge flap operates like the plain flap. It is hinged on the bottom side. When actuated, the leading edge of the wing actually extends in a downward direction to increase the camber of the wing. Landing flaps are used in conjunction with other types of flaps. SPOILERS. —Spoilers are used to decrease wing lift. The specific design, function, and use vary with different aircraft. On some aircraft, the spoilers are long narrow surfaces, hinged at their leading edge to the upper surfaces of the wings. In the retracted position, PLAIN FLAP SPLIT FLAP LEADING EDGE FLAP FOWLER FLAP ANf0410 Figure 4-10. —Types of flaps. they are flush with the wing skin. In the raised position, they greatly reduce wing lift by destroying the smooth flow of air over the wing surface. SPEED BRAKES. Speed brakes are movable control surfaces used for reducing the speed of the aircraft. Some manufacturers refer to them as dive brakes; others refer to them as dive flaps. On some aircraft, theyre hinged to the sides or bottom of the fuselage. Regardless of their location, speed brakes serve the same purpose—to keep the airspeed from building too high when the aircraft dives. Speed brak es slow the aircrafts speed before it lands. SLATS. —Slats are movable control surfaces that attach to the leading edge of the wing. When the slat is retracted, it forms the leading edge of the wing. When the slat is open (extended forward), a slot is created between the slat and the wing leading edge. High-energy air is introduced into the boundary layer over the top of the wing. At low airspeeds, this action improves the lateral control handling characteristics. This allows the aircraft to be controlled at airspeeds below normal landing speed. The high-energy air that flows over the top of the wing is known as boundary layer control air. Boundary layer control is intended primarily for use during operations from carriers. Boundary layer control air aids in catapult takeoffs and arrested landings. Boundary control air can also be accomplished by directing high-pressure engine bleed air across the top of the wing or flap surface. 4-10 ANf0411 Figure 4-11. —Push-pull tube assembly. On all high-performance aircraft, the control surfaces have great pressure exerted on them. At high airspeed, it is physically impossible for the pilot to move the controls manually. As a result, power-operated control mechanisms are used. In a power-operated system, a hydraulic actuator (cylinder) is located within the linkage to assist the pilot in moving the control surface. A typical flight control mechanism is shown in figure 4-12. This is the elevator control of a lightweight trainer-type aircraft. It consists of a combination of push-pull tubes and cables. The control sticks in the system shown in figure 4-12 are connected to the forward sector by push-pull tubes. The forward sector is connected to the aft (rear ) sector by means of cable assemblies. The aft sector is connected to the flight control by another push-pull tube assembly. LANDING GEAR Before World War II, aircraft were made with their main landing gear located behind the center of gravity. An auxiliary gear under the fuselage nose was added. This arrangement became known as the tricycle type of landing gear. Nearly all present-day Navy aircraft are equipped with tricycle landing gear. The tricycle gear has the following advantages over older landing gear:  ·  ·  ·  · More stable in motion on the ground Maintains the fuselage in a level position Increases the pilots visibility and control Makes landing easier, especially in cross winds FLIGHT CONTROL MECHANISMS The term flight control refers to the linkage that connects the control(s) in the cockpit with the flight control surfaces. There are several types of flight controls in naval aircraft; some are manually operated while others are power operated. Manually operated flight control mechanisms are further divided into three groups—cable operated, push-pull tube operated, and torque tube operated. Some systems may combine two or more of these types. In the manually operated cable system, cables are connected from the control in the cockpit to a bell crank or sector. The bell crank is connected to the control surface. Movement of the cockpit controls transfers force through the cable to the bell crank, which moves the control surface. In a push-pull tube system, metal push-pull tubes (or rods) are used as a substitute for the cables (fig. 4-11). Push-pull tubes get their name from the way they transmit force. In the torque tube system, metal tubes (rods) with gears at the ends of the tubes are used. Motion is transmitted by rotating the tubes and gears. ANf0412 Figure 4-12. —Typical flight control mechanism. 4-11 ACTUATING CYLINDER DOWNLOCK CYLINDER TO LEFT MAIN GEAR DOOR CYLINDER FROM COMBINED SYSTEM LANDING GEAR SELECTOR VALVE DOOR AND DOORLATCH CYLINDERS RETRACTING CYLINDER UPLOCK CYLINDER DOWNLOCK CYLINDER MAIN GEAR NOSE GEAR NOTE TIMER VALVES ARE USED IN MAIN GEAR SYSTEM TO CONTROL PROPER SEQUENCE. Anf0413 Figure 4-13. —Typical landing gear system. The landing gear system (fig. 4-13) consists of three retractable landing gear assemblies. Each main landing gear has a conventional air-oil shock strut, a wheel brake assembly, and a wheel and tire assembly. The nose landing gear has a conventional air-oil shock strut, a shimmy damper, and a wheel and tire assembly. The shock strut is designed to absorb the shock that would otherwise be transmitted to the airframe during landing, taxiing, and takeoff. The air-oil strut is used on all naval aircraft. This type of strut has two telescoping cylinders filled with hydraulic fluid and compressed air or nitrogen. Figure 4-14 shows the internal construction of one type of air-oil shock strut. The main landing gear is equipped with brakes for stopping the aircraft and assisting the pilot in steering the aircraft on the ground. The nose gear of most aircraft can be steered from the cockpit. This provides greater ease and safety on the runway when landing and taking off and on the taxiway in taxiing. ARRESTING GEAR A carrier-type aircraft is equipped with an arresting hook for stopping the aircraft when it lands on the carrier. The arresting gear has an extendible hook and the mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic equipment necessary for hook operation. See figure 4-15. The arresting hook on most aircraft releases mechanically, lowers pneumatically, and raises hydraulically. The hook hinges from the structure under the rear of the aircraft. A snubber meters hydraulic fluid and works in conjunction with nitrogen pressure. The AIR VALVE OUTER CYLINDER METERING PIN ORIFICE PLATE ORIFICE TORQUE ARMS WHEEL AXLE INNER CYLINDER (PISTON) TOWING EYE ANf0414 Figure 4-14. —Internal construction of a shock strut. 4-12 Q4-11. Q4-12. Q4-13. Q4-14. Q4-15. Q4-16. In an aircraft, what are the main structural members of the wing? What does the term â€Å"wet wing† mean? The stabilizing surfaces of an aircraft consist of what two airfoils? What are the three groups of flight control surfaces? What is the purpose of speed brakes on an aircraft? Most present-day Navy aircraft are equipped with what type of landing gear? ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT ANf0415 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the construction features of the rotary-wing aircraft and recognize the fundamental differences between rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft. Within the past 20 years, helicopters have become a reality, and are found throughout the world. They perform countless tasks suited to their unique capabilities. A helicopter has one or more power-driven horizontal airscrews (rotors) to develop lift and propulsion. If a single main rotor is used, it is necessary to employ a means to counteract torque. If more than one main rotor (or tandem) is used, torque is eliminated by turning each main rotor in opposite directions. The fundamental advantage the helicopter has over fixed-wing aircraft is that lift and control are independent of forward speed. A helicopter can fly forward, backward, or sideways, or it can remain in stationary flight (hover) above the ground. No runway is required for a helicopter to take off or land. For example, the roof of an office building is an adequate landing area. The helicopter is considered a safe aircraft because the takeoff and landing speed is zero, and it has autorotational capabilities. This allows a controlled descent with rotors turning in case of engine failure in flight. FUSELAGE Figure 4-15. —Arresting gear installation. snubber holds the hook down and prevents it from bouncing when it strikes the carrier deck. CATAPULT EQUIPMENT Carrier aircraft have built-in equipment for catapulting off the aircraft carrier. Older aircraft had hooks on the airframe that attached to the cable bridle. The bridle hooks the aircraft to the ships catapult. Newer aircraft have a launch bar built into the nose landing gear assembly. See figure 4-16. The holdback assembly allows the aircraft to be secured to the carrier deck for full-power turnup of the engine prior to takeoff. For nose gear equipment, a track attaches to the deck to guide the nosewheel into position. The track has provisions for attaching the nose gear to the catapult shuttle and for holdback. NOTE: The holdback tension bar separates when the catapult is fired, allowing the aircraft to be launched with the engine at full power. Q4-9. In fuselage construction, what are the three classes of monocoque design? Q4-10. Points on the fuselage are located by what method? Like the fuselage of a fixed-wing aircraft, the helicopter fuselage may be welded truss or some form of monocoque construction. Many Navy helicopters are of the monocoque design. 4-13 FUSELAGE (A) AIRCRAFT CATAPULT BRIDLE HOOKS CATAPULT BRIDLE BRIDLE ARRESTER LANYARD CATAPULT SHUTTLE CABLE GUIDE SLIDE LANYARD CATAPULT TRACK BLAST SCREEN (B) CATAPULT SHUTTLE SLIDE LANYARD CATAPULT BRIDLE BRIDLE CATAPULT ARRESTER PENDANT LANYARD ARRESTER BUNGEE CATAPULT HOLDBACK PENDANT CLEAT LINK TENSION BAR AIRCRAFT CATAPULT HOLDBACK FITTING DECK CLEAT CATAPULT HOLDBACK PENDANT ANf0416 Figure 4-16. —Aircraft catapult equipment. 4-14 A typical Navy helicopter, the H-60, is shown in figure 4-17. Some of its features include a single main rotor, twin engine, tractor-type canted tail rotor, controllable stabilizer, fixed landing gear, rescue hoist, external cargo hook, and weapons pylons. The fuselage consists of the entire airframe, sometimes known as the body group. The body group is an all-metal semimonocoque construction. It consists of an aluminum and titanium skin over a reinforced aluminum frame. LANDING GEAR GROUP The landing gear group includes all the equipment necessary to support the helicopter when it is not in flight. There are several types of landing gear on helicopters—conventional fixed (skid type), retractable, and nonretractable. Main Landing Gear The H-60s nonretracting main landing gear consists of two single axle, air/oil type of shock-strut assemblies that mount to the fuselage. Each is equipped with tubeless tires, hydraulic disc brakes, tie-down ings, drag braces, and safety switches. They are part of the lower end of the shock strut piston. Tail Landing Gear The H-60s tail landing gear is a nonretracting, dual wheel, 360-degree swiveling type. It is equipped with tubeless tires, tie-down ring, shimmy damper, tail-wheel lock, and an air/oil shock-strut, which serves as an aft touchdown point for the pilots to cushi on the landing shock. MAIN ROTOR ASSEMBLY The main rotor (rotor wing) and rotor head (hub assembly) are identical in theory of flight but differ in engineering or design. They are covered here because their functions are closely related. The power plant, transmission, drive-train, hydraulic flight control, and rotor systems all work together. Neither has a function without the other. Rotary Wing The main rotor on the H-60 (fig. 4-17) has four identical wing blades. Other types of helicopters may Anf0417 Figure 4-17. —H-60 helicopter. 4-15 have two, four, five, six, or seven blades. Figure 4-18 shows some typical rotor blades. Rotary-wing blades are made of titanium, aluminum alloys, fiber glass, graphite, honeycomb core, nickel, and steel. Each has a nitrogen-filled, pressurized, hollow internal spar, which runs the length of the blade. The cuff provides the attachment of the blade to the rotor hub. A titanium abrasion strip covers the entire leading edge of the spar from the cuff end to the removable blade tip faring. This extends the life of the rotor blade. The examples shown in figure 4-18 show other features—trim tabs, deicing protection, balance markings, and construction. Main Rotor Head/Hub Assembly The rotor head is fully articulating and is rotated by torque from the engines through the drive train and main gearbox or transmission. The flight controls and hydraulic servos transmit movements to the rotor blades. The principal components of the rotor head are the hub and swashplate assemblies (fig. 4-19). The hub is one piece, made of titanium and sits on top of the rotor mast. Attaching components are the sleeve and spindles, blade fold components, vibration absorber, bearings, blade dampers, pitch change horns, adjustable pitch control rods, blade fold hinges, balance weights, antiflapping and droop stops, and faring. The swashplate consists of a rotating disc (upper), stationary (lower) portion with a scissors and sleeve assembly separated by a bearing. The swashplate is permitted to slide on the main rotor vertical driveshaft and mounts on top the main transmission. The entire assembly can tilt in any direction following the motion of the flight controls. The hydraulic servo cylinders, swashplate, and adjustable pitch control rods permit movement of the DEICE CONNECTION ANTI-CHAFE STRIP ABRASION STRIP TIP CAP BLADE INSPECTION INDICATOR BALANCE STRIP BLADE CUFF TRIM TABS TIP CAP ICE GUARD SPAR ROOT POCKET 17 16 15 14 13 SPAR ABRASION STRIP 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 POCKET IDENTIFICATION CUFF 22 21 20 19 18 23 ANf0418 Figure 4-18. —Types of main rotor blades. -16 SPINDLE ASSEMBLY FAIRING BIFILAR FOLD HINGE ROTOR HUB PITCH LOCK ACTUATOR DAMPER BLADE LOCKPIN PULLERS ROTOR HEAD BALANCE WEIGHTS BLADE FOLD ACTUATOR LOWER PRESSURE PLATE PITCH CHANGE HORN ROTATING SCISSORS PITCH CONTROL ROD SWASHPLATE ANf0119 Figure 4-19. —Main rotor head/hub assembly. flight controls to be transmitted to the rotary-wing blades. The sleeve an d spindle and blade dampers allow limited movement of the blades in relation to the hub. These movements are known as lead, lag, and flap.  · Lead occurs during slowing of the drive mechanism when the blades have a tendency to remain in motion. Lag is the opposite of lead and occurs during acceleration when the blade has been at rest and tends to remain at rest.  · Flap is the tendency of the blade to rise with high-lift demands as it tries to screw itself upward into the air. Antiflapping stops and droop stops restrict flapping and conning motion of the rotary-wing head and blades at low rotor rpm when slowing or stopping. TAIL ROTOR GROUP The directional control and antitorque action of the helicopter is provided by the tail rotor group. See  · 4-17 figure 4-20. These components are similar in function to the main rotor. Pylon The pylon, shown in figure 4-20, attaches on the aircraft to the main fuselage by hinge fittings. These hinge fittings serve as the pivot point for the pylon to fold along the fuselage. Folding the pylon reduces the overall length of the helicopter, which helps for confined shipboard handling. The pylon houses the intermediate and tail rotor gearboxes, tail rotor drive shaft, cover, tail bumper, position/anticollision lights, hydraulic servos, flight control push-pull tubes/cables/bell cranks, stabilizer/ elevator flight control surface, some antennas, and rotary rudder assembly. Rotary Rudder Head The rudder head can be located on either side of the pylon, depending on the type of aircraft, and includes such items as the hub, spindle, pitch control beam, pitch change links, bearings, and tail rotor blades. Change in blade pitch is accomplished through the pitch change shaft that moves through the horizontal shaft of the tail gearbox, which drives the rotary rudder assembly. As the shaft moves inward toward the tail gearbox, pitch of the blade is decreased. As the shaft moves outward from the tail gearbox, pitch of the blade is increased. The pitch control beam is connected by links to the forked brackets on the blade sleeves. Rotary Rudder Blades Like the blades on a main rotor head, the blades found on a rotary rudder head may differ, depending on the type of aircraft. Tail rotor blades may consist of the following components:  ·  ·  · Aluminum alloy, graphite composite, or titanium spar Aluminum pocket and skin with honeycomb core or cross-ply fiber glass exterior Aluminum or graphite composite tip cap ROTARY RUDDER BLADE PITCH CHANGE LINK SPINDLE ROTARY RUDDER HUB TAIL ROTOR GEAR BOX PITCH CONTROL BEAM PYLON ANf0420 Figure 4-20. —Tail rotor group. 4-18  ·  · Aluminum trailing edge cap Aluminum or polyurethane and nickel abrasion leading edge strip  ·  ·  ·  ·  · A reservoir to hold a supply of hydraulic fluid A pump to provide a flow of fluid Tubing to transmit the fluid A selector valve to direct the flow of fluid An actuating unit to convert the fluid pressure into useful work Additionally, rotary rudder blades may have deicing provisions, such as electrothermal blankets that are bonded into the blades leading edge. or a neoprene anti-icing guard embedded with electrical heating elements. Q4-17. What is the main advantage of rotary-wing aircraft over fixed-wing aircraft? Q4-18. Q4-19. What are the three types of landing gear used on helicopters? The directional control and antitorque action of the helicopter is provided by what group? A simple system using these essential units is shown in figure 4-21. You can trace the flow of fluid from the reservoir through the pump to the selector valve. In figure 4-21, the flow of fluid created by the pump flows through the valve to the right end of the actuating cylinder. Fluid pressure forces the piston to the left. At the same time, the fluid that is on the left of he piston is forced out. It goes up through the selector valve and back to the reservoir through the return line. When the selector valve is moved to the position indicated by the dotted lines, the fluid from the pump flows to the left side of the actuating cylinder. Movement of the piston can be stopped at any time simply by moving the selector valve to neutral. When the selector valve is in this position, all four ports are closed, and pressure is trapped in both working lines. AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the components of aircraft hydraulic systems and recognize their functions. The aircraft hydraulic systems found on most naval aircraft perform many functions. Some systems operated by hydraulics are flight controls, landing gear, speed brakes, fixed-wing and rotary-wing folding mechanisms, auxiliary systems, and wheel brakes. Hydraulics has many advantages as a power source for operating these units on aircraft.  · Hydraulics combine the advantages of lightweight, ease of installation, simplification of inspection, and minimum maintenance requirements. Hydraulics operation is almost 100-percent efficient, with only a negligible loss due to fluid friction. RESERVOIR  · PRESSURE LINE However, there are some disadvantages to using hydraulics.  · The possibility of leakage, both internal and external, may cause the complete system to become inoperative. Contamination by foreign matter in the system can cause malfunction of any unit. Cleanliness in hydraulics cannot be overemphasized. HAND PUMP RETURN LINE SELECTOR VALVE IN DOWN POSITION SELECTOR VALVE IN UP POSITION WORKING LINES  · COMPONENTS OF A BASIC HYDRAULIC SYSTEM Basically, any hydraulic system contains the following units: ANF0421 ACTUATING UNIT Figure 4-21. Basic hydraulic system, hand pump operated. 4-19 Figure 4-22 shows a basic system with the addition of a power-driven pump and other essential components. These components are the filter, pressure regulator, accumulator, pressure gauge, relief valve, and two check valves. The function of these components is described below. The filter (fig. 4-22) removes foreign particles from the fluid, preventing moisture, dust, grit, and other undesirable matter from entering the system. The pressure regulator (fig. 4-22) unloads or relieves the power-driven pump when the desired pressure in the system is reached. Therefore, it is often referred to as an unloading valve. With none of the actuating units operating, the pressure in the line between the pump and selector valve builds up to the desired point. A valve in the pressure regulator automatically opens and fluid is bypassed back to the reservoir. (The bypass line is shown in figure 4-22, leading from the pressure regulator to the return line. ) NOTE: Many aircraft hydraulic systems do not use a pressure regulator. These systems use a pump that automatically adjusts to supply the proper volume of fluid as needed. The accumulator serves a twofold purpose. 1. It serves as a cushion or shock absorber by maintaining an even pressure in the system. 2. It stores enough fluid under pressure to provide for emergency operation of certain actuating units. The accumulator is designed with a compressed-air chamber separated from the fluid by a flexible diaphragm, or a removable piston. The pressure gauge indicates the amount of pressure in the system. The relief valve is a safety valve installed in the system. When fluid is bypassed through the valve to the return line, it returns to the reservoir. This action prevents excessive pressure in the system. Check valves allow the flow of fluid in one direction only. There are numerous check valves installed at various points in the lines of all aircraft hydraulic systems. A careful study of figure 4-22 shows why the two check valves are necessary in this system. One check valve prevents power pump pressure from entering the hand-pump line. The other valve prevents hand-pump pressure from being directed to the accumulator. HYDRAULIC CONTAMINATION Hydraulic contamination is defined as foreign material in the hydraulic system of an aircraft. Foreign material might be grit, sand, dirt, dust, rust, water, or any other substance that is not soluble in the hydraulic fluid. There are two basic ways to contaminate a hydraulic system. One is to inject particles, and the other is to intermix fluids, including water. Particle contamination in a system may be self-generated through normal wear of system components. It is the injection of contaminants from outside that usually causes the most trouble. Regardless of its origin, any form of contamination in the hydraulic system will slow performance. In extreme cases, it seriously affects safety. A single grain of sand or grit can cause internal failure of a hydraulic component. Usually, this type of contamination comes from poor servicing and fluid-handling procedures. For this reason, the highest ANf0422 7. Hand pump 1. Reservoir 8. Pressure gauge 2. Power pump 9. Relief valve 3. Filter 10. Selector valve 4. Pressure regulator 11. Actuating unit 5. Accumulator 6. Check valves Figure 4-22. —Basic hydraulic system with addition of power pump. 4-20 level of cleanliness must be maintained when working on hydraulic components. Only approved fill stand units are used to service naval aircraft hydraulic systems. By following a few basic rules, you can service hydraulic systems safely and keep contamination to a minimum.  · Never use fluid that has been left open for an undetermined period of time. Hydraulic fluid that is exposed to air will absorb dust and dirt. Never pour fluid from one container into another. Use only approved servicing units for the specific aircraft. Maintain hydraulic fluid-handling equipment in a high state of cleanliness. Always make sure you use the correct hydraulic fluid. brakes, emergency landing gear extension, emergency flap extension, and for canopy release mechanisms. When the control valve is properly positioned, the compressed air in the storage bottle is routed through the shuttle valve to the actuating cylinder. NOTE: The shuttle valve is a pressure-operated valve that separates the normal hydraulic system from the emergency pneumatic system. When the control handle is returned to the normal position, the air pressure in the lines is vented overboard through the vent port of the control valve. The other type of pneumatic system in use has its own air compressor. It also has other equipment necessary to maintain an adequate supply of compressed air during flight. Most systems of this type must be serviced on the ground prior to flight. The air  ·  ·  ·  · Contamination of the hydraulic system may be caused by wear or failure of hydraulic components and seals. This type of contamination is usually found through filter inspection and fluid analysis. Continued operation of a contaminated system may cause malfunctioning or early failure of hydraulic components. Q4-20. Q4-21. Q4-22. Q4-23. What are two disadvantages of a hydraulic system? On a basic hydraulic system, what is the purpose of the selector valve? On a basic hydraulic system, what is the purpose of the actuating unit? Define hydraulic contamination. PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the components of aircraft pneumatic systems and recognize their functions. There are two types of pneumatic systems currently used in naval aircraft. One type uses storage bottles for an air source, and the other has its own air compressor. Generally, the storage bottle system is used only for emergency operation. See figure 4-23. This system has an air bottle, a control valve in the cockpit for releasing the contents of the cylinders, and a ground charge (filler) valve. The storage bottle must be filled with compressed air or nitrogen prior to flight. Air storage cylinder pneumatic systems are in use for emergency ANf0423 Figure 4-23. —Emergency pneumatic system. 4-21 compressor used in most aircraft is driven by a hydraulic motor. Aircraft that have an air compressor use the compressed air for normal and emergency system operation. Q4-24. What are the two types of pneumatic systems currently used in naval aircraft? SUMMARY In this chapter, you have learned about aircraft construction and the materials used in construction. You have also learned about the features and materials used to absorb stress on both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft.